Sunday, 13 February 2011

The Art of Pragmatic Economics


Last week a few friends of mine went to see a lecture by the legendary Donald Knuth.

Knuth is famous for three things (at least three things):

  • Not finishing a book series - the seminal Art of Computer Programming. First started in 1962
  • Refusing to write real cheques due to bank fraud
  • The phrase 'Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it''

All of which I thought were very appropriate to the general state of the world economy - paralysed like the early medieval congregations convinced by endless repetition of incorrect doctrine that the world would end in 999AD.

The alternative approach is rational and pragmatic. The pragmatic approach emphasises getting something useful done that might just benefit people based on the current available evidence, but in a way that acknowledges that you don't know everything and you might have to back it out. It handles edge cases as part of the method rather than obsessing about them to the exclusion of the useful 90%. It uses tight feedback to keep areas of concern under control.

So rather than worrying pointlessly about edge cases, about the relative risks of hyperinflation, whether there are real or budget constraints or the theoretical direction of causality, why not do something pragmatic that takes what we know and don't know into account?

Concentrate instead on the central policy change that makes all the difference.

Instead of

'what are you going to cut to fund programme X/tax cut Y[1]'

you can have:

'fund programme X/tax cut Y[1], which will either pay for itself by expansion in the real economy (in which case inflation will stay steady and there will be no compensatory tax/interest rate[1] rises), or it won’t (in which case this tax/interest rate[1] will change).'

(1 - delete as applicable depending on political prejudice/religious belief[1]).

In other words the policy options switch from ‘pre-fund’ to ‘post-fund as required to maintain stable prices’. Taxation is no longer linked rigidly to the amount of government spending, but to the combination of government spending, net private sector nominal saving and the real expansion of the economy.

It is powerful to be able to say “We intend to introduce a Job guarantee scheme funded by the state and we expect that the economy will be able to expand its output to absorb this extra spending. However we reserve the right to increase Corporation Tax by up to 3% to compensate should it feed through to demand inflation. Obviously we want to avoid that so over to you Mr Entrepreneurs to create the necessary economic expansion.”.

It's pragmatic, it provides a clear incentive backed with money and it targets help at real people who are suffering today. They simply can't afford to wait 50 years for the theory to get worked through accurately.

Saturday, 5 February 2011

UK Sectoral Financial Balances.

After reading Randall Wray's piece on sectoral balances and Edward Harrison's analysis of the situation (hat tip to Scott) I thought I'd draw up the equivalent chart for the UK.



However its not who you think that appears to be doing all the net-saving. The traditional UK five sector analysis shows a disturbing lack of saving by the Household sector in the last few quarters. And which private corporations are hoarding all this money?





Source: Office of National Statistics, tables RPZD, RPYN, RQAW, RPZT, RQCH, DJDS (Seasonally adjusted Net Lending/Borrowing per sector plus residual error) and YBHA (Gross domestic product at market prices, seasonally adjusted)
Updated to include public corporations in non-financials and to show residual error 23-Feb-2011

The perverse effects of raising interest rates

We're starting to get calls from certain quarters to raise interest rates to 'quell inflation'. However according to research that would trigger a perverse effect.

When the central bank puts interest rates up there is a short term boost to the economy - increasing demand.

This is caused by savers getting more money from borrowers and increasing spending, whereas fixed rate borrowers don't change anything and variable rate borrowers fail to cut back as quickly (often taking eighteen months or so to scale back).

And all this appears to be linked to the 'saving/borrowing' ratio. Where there is a lot of domestic saving the perverse effect can last for a lot longer.

Thursday, 3 February 2011

The Sectoral Balances in a nutshell

This graph from Bill Mitchell's blog demonstrates the nominal accounting requirements of the different sectors in the economy. If you alter the balance in one of the sectors, the other sectors must alter as well to keep the balance.


X = Exports
M = Imports
G = Government Spending
T = Taxation
S = Private Savings
I = Private Investment

A negative (X-M) is a country that imports more than it exports.
A negative (G-T) is a country that runs a 'budget surplus'
A negative (S-I) is a private sector that is racking up the sort of borrowing that caused the financial crash.

In accounting everything must balance - here the private balance = Budget balance + External Balance.